Geography Semester and Science 2nd Quarter Exam Study Guides

                                             1st Semester Geography Exam Study Guide (Chapters 1-10)

 1. Geographers utilize two types of location as reference points.
 2. Maps are excellent at showing statistical data in bulk. 
3. Geography can be used to decide where new businesses and schools should be built. 
4. This LINE divides the earth into two hemispheres. 
5. The connection between people and their environment, or human-environment interaction. 
6 . Land makes up only a third of the Earth’s surface.
7. Surface phenomena wear away the Earth’s surface through erosion. 
8. Water stays in a cycle and moves about, but stays fairly constant. 
9. There are four major types of landforms: mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains. 
10. The Marianas Trench is the deepest known depression on the Earth. 
11. The four terrestrial planets are Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury. 
12. Times when ice sheets have covered large areas of the Earth are called Ice Ages. 
13. The Vernal Equinox is in March and the Autumnal Equinox is in September. 
14. Different areas of the Earth’s surface receive light due to the tilt of the axis. 
15. The tilt of the Earth’s axis and the revolution around the Sun causes four seasons. 
16. Renewable resources can be renewed or replaced. 
17. Negative population growth occurs when the death rate is higher than the birth rate. 
18. The Information Revolution occurred starting in the late 1900’s. 
19. When imported goods are taxed, it is known as a tariff. 
20. The Earth’s resources are unevenly distributed, and this causes trade among the nations. 
21. Wars, trade, and migration can make significant changes in a culture.
 22. The Appalachian Mountains run from Georgia to Maine. 
23. Since it is so cold most of the time in a Tundra Climate, few things grow there. 
24. Mountain ranges hold the largest deposits of mineral wealth.
 25. US and Canadian populations keep growing, in part, because immigration.
 26. Glaciers carved huge basins in the bedrock of the Canadian Shield which filled with melt-water. 
27. At its founding, Canada was a dominion of the British Empire. 
28. During the Revolutionary War, those loyal to Britain often moved to Canada. 
29. The Underground Railroad was the name given to a network of trails and safe houses for slaves.
30. In Quebec, French is the official language and some favor independence from Canada. 
31. “High-tech” Industries have been favored in the American economy for the past thirty years. 
32. Advanced farming techniques and technologies have mitigated influences of climate/geography. 
33. A “Free Market” economy lets people profit from their own labors. 
34. The number of farmers has decreased, but the size of farms has expanded immensely.
 35. In “Market” economies, manufacturers decided how much to charge for their products.
 36. The Andes Mountains run nearly the entire length of the western coast of South America 
37. Latin America includes Mexico and Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.
 38. An estuary is the meeting place of a river current and a tidal current. 
39. The rolling hills and grasslands of southern South America is called Patagonia.
 40. The longest river in the Western Hemisphere is the Amazon. 
41. Conquistadors from Spain explored and claimed vast areas of the Americas for their country. 
42. Syncretism is the practice of blending customs and beliefs of different cultures.
 43. Before 1492, the Americas had at least three indigenous empires: Inca, Aztec, and Maya.
 44. Venezuela’s revolt against Spanish rule was successfully led by Simon Bolivar. 
45. Chocolate (Chocalatl) was, the” food of the gods” according to Aztec legend and belief. 
46. In Mexico, maquiladoras employ low-cost labor to foreign corporations, causing job loss at home. 
47. In Latin America, people come to cities to find work and are often forced to live in shantytowns.
 48. NAFTA, the end of manufacturing growth in the US, reduced trade restrictions between the US, Mexico, and Canada. 49. Latin American countries rely on capital ($) from foreign countries to grow their industries and infrastructure. 
50. In Mexico City, the air quality can be so bad, that children are kept indoors. 


                                             2nd Quarter Science Study Guide

 Atom’s mass is all the protons + all the neutrons inside the nucleus. Protons are positively charged particles found inside the atomic nucleus. The single charge of a proton is shown as +1 or 1+ Neutrons are particles without any charge found inside the atomic nucleus. There are usually as many neutrons as there are protons inside the nucleus, but there could also be more neutrons than protons (if there are more neutrons the atom is called an isotope). Electrons are negatively charged particles that surround the atom's nucleus. Single charge of electron shows as -1 or 1- Electrons determine properties of the atom.
That means that electrons are responsible for the type of molecules atoms can make. Chemical reactions (atoms combining into molecules) involve sharing or exchanging electrons between two or more atoms. Electron Cloud Electrons move very quickly around the nucleus and it is impossible to figure out exactly where they are located. Thus, we say that they are located in the electron cloud or a place around the nucleus where an electron could possibly be orbiting. Atomic Number Every element has a different number of protons inside the nucleus. The number of protons is called the atomic number of the atom. For example; Hydrogen has 1 proton so it’s atomic number is 1. Carbon has 6 protons so it’s atomic number is 6. If you change the number of protons, you change the atomic number, then the atom will become totally different atom because atomic number is what identifies the atom.
For example; If you add another proton to hydrogen it will no longer be hydrogen. Atoms combine to form molecules that form matter. Elements - molecules made when like atoms combine to form matter. Compounds - molecules made when different atoms combine to form matter (another way to put it-when elements combine). Pure substances are made of elements or compounds and have definite physical and chemical properties. Element Classification The elements are classified as; Metals-on the left hand side of table (left of zig-zag line), except for hydrogen. Metals are malleable so you could reshape them, ductile so you can make them into a wire. They are shiny and conduct heat and electricity. Most are solid at room temperature. Non-metals are on the right. They may be solids, liquids or gases. They are not shiny, but brittle so they fall apart in your hands. They do not conduct heat or electricity.
 Metalloids act like metals and non-metals and are ON the zig zag line, except for aluminum Properties of Matter (way to describe matter) & change of matter Physical properties – observable characteristics of matter such as; mass and weight, volume, density, conductivity and ductility. Physical change - the substances does not loose it’s identity just the way it looks or smells or feels, etc. gold is still gold if you molded into a ring Chemical property – can the substance react to other substances chemically. Chemical change - occurs when two or more substances react and change to a new substance.
 Bonds between atoms are broken or new bonds between atoms are made. Example; iron + carbon = steel. Identity is changed because it’s no longer iron or carbon. A new substance is made. Usual indicators of chemical change are; 1. Color change 2. Production of heat 3. Sound or light like fizzing or foaming The Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass cannot be created or destroyed in an ordinary physical or chemical changes. Example; when you eat a cookie, the mass of that cookie does not get destroyed. Your body changes it into carbon dioxide and water and the mass of that gas and water together equal to the mass of the cookie.
 Matter can change state from solid to liquid to gas when energy is increased & gas to liquid to solid when energy is decreased. Solid – particles are closed together and arranged in an orderly pattern, very little energy. Have a fixed volume and shape. Liquid – particles are more spaced out and have slightly more energy than particles in a solid. Liquids have a fixed volume, but the shape changes. Gas – particles are all over the place and have a lot of energy. The shape and volume of gases change. Matter – everything in the universe that is made of atoms, has mass and takes up space. Mass – the amount of matter in an object. Measured on a balance scale, usually using grams as units of measure. One could lose mass when exercising and dieting or gain mass when gaining fat or muscle. Weight – the amount of force gravity uses to pull on objects.
 Force is measured by a spring scale in Newton (named after Sir Isaac Newton who came up with the concept of gravity). One could lose or gain weight when one travels to another planet where the gravity is different. Being in water makes you weight less. Being in zero gravity makes you weight nothing. Volume – the amount of space on object occupies. Two methods of measuring volume; If the object has a regular shape, we measure the dimensions using a ruler and use a formula; volume=length*width*height. The answer is given in cm3.
If the object has a irregular shape and the dimensions cannot be measured, we use the water displacement method. We pour a given amount of water into a beaker or a graduated cylinder. When you drop the object in the water, the water level will rise. Subtract the original amount of water form the amount of water with the object in it and that will tell you the volume of just the object. The answer is given in milliliters (mL). 1 cm3 = 1 mL Density- ratio of mass to volume. How much matter is packed into an object of a specific volume. Formula is; Density = Mass/Volume. Answer is given in g/cm3 or g/mL.