Chapter 7 Study Guide for Apollo Team
Chapter 7 Study Guide for Apollo
Living in the United States and Canada
This section focuses on the economies of the
United States and Canada.
Chapter 7, Section 1
Terms to Know
free market
economy
Economic system in which people can own, operate, and profit from their own
businesses (page 157)
post-industrial Emphasizing service and
high- technology businesses (page 158)
commodity An agricultural or
mining product (page 158)
retooling Converting old factories
for use in new industries (page 161)
pipeline A long network of
underground or aboveground pipes (page 162)
monopoly Total control of an
industry by one person or one company (page 162)
trade
deficit
The difference in value when a country’s imports exceed its exports (page 163)
tariff A tax on imported goods
(page 163)
trade
surplus The
difference in value when a country’s exports exceed its imports (page 163)
Introduction (page 157) The United States and
Canada have rich resources and technological skills to place them in the
world’s top 10 economic powers.
1. Why
are the United States and Canada leading economic powers?
Economic Activities (page 157) The United States
and Canada have free market economies. Individuals
and companies are allowed to own, operate, and
make a profit from their businesses. In Canada the government owns and manages
broadcasting and health care services. Private corporations provide these
services for profit in the United States. Both countries are said to have post-industrial
economies because they are moving from older ways of manufacturing to
service and high-tech industries.
The United States has more cropland than any
other country in the world. Canada has less land suitable for farming, but
still devotes millions of acres to agriculture. Most farming in the United
States and Canada is commercial. Agricultural goods, (commodities), are
produced by large corporations for sale. Only 2 percent of Americans and 4
percent of Canadians work in agriculture. Many people cannot afford to be
farmers, for several reasons. Modern farming requires expensive machines and
fertilizers. Market prices for commodities are sometimes so low that farmers do
not make a profit. Natural disasters, such as floods or droughts, can wipe out
entire crops or herds overnight.
The United States and Canada produce large
amounts of the world’s beef, milk, eggs, corn, wheat, and other grains. They
export these products to markets around the world.
2. Why
do few people work in agriculture in the United States and Canada?
Manufacturing and Service Industries (page 160)
Manufacturing makes up about 20 percent of the economies of the United States
and Canada. The two countries produce and export large amounts
of transportation equipment and machinery.
Robotics and computerized automation have changed manufacturing in the two
countries. A greater amount of goods can be produced today with fewer workers
than in the past.
The post-industrial economy of the region is
growing quickly. About 75 percent of the people in the United States and Canada
are now employed in service industries. Both countries produce high-tech
equipment for use in computer sciences, telecommunications, and biotechnology.
Many cities that were heavy industrial manufacturing centers are retooling. This
means that they are changing old factories for use in new industries.
3. How
are cities adapting to a post-industrial economy?
Transportation and Communication (page 161) The
United States and Canada have advanced transportation and communication
systems. Both countries have invested heavily in the building and maintenance
of highways, roads, and bridges. Urban transportation includes subways,
elevated and commuter trains, cars, and buses. The region has a busy network of
airlines, railroads, and buses for long-distance travel. Railroads and
long-haul trucks carry freight. Pipelines, or long networks of
underground or above ground pipes, carry much of the region’s gas and oil.
Canada’s broadcasting and telephone systems are
publicly owned. In the United States, the government regulates private
ownership of these industries in order to make sure that monopolies do not
exist. A monopoly is total control over a type of industry by one person
or one company. Most people own telephones, televisions, and radios. Computer
use is also high in the region.
4. What
kinds of transportation and communications systems does the region have?
Trade and Interdependence (page 162) The United
States and Canada trade with other countries because they produce surpluses of
certain products. They export agricultural and manufactured goods and raw materials.
Canada also exports seafood and timber products. The two countries are also
major importing nations. Canada has a trade surplus. This means that it
earns more from export sales than it spends for imports. The United States has
a trade deficit because it spends more on imports than it earns from
exports.
The United States and Canada are each other’s
largest trading partners. In 1988 the two countries agreed to remove tariffs
and other trade restrictions between them. In 1994 this agreement, the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), included Mexico. NAFTA allows the free flow of
labor among the three countries.
5. Which
country is the largest trading partner for the United States? For Canada?
United Against Terrorism (page 163) On September
11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City’s World Trade
Center and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.,
stunned the United States and the rest of the world. Americans responded
quickly to aid victims and rescue workers. To show their resolve and unity,
Americans put up flags, attended candlelight vigils, and participated in prayer
services. Political leaders and law enforcement officials took action to hunt
down terrorists and to protect Americans from further attacks.
The United States won international support for
a wide-ranging response to terrorism. The first military action of this war on
terrorism began in Afghanistan, which harbored Osama bin Laden, the Saudi exile
believed to be responsible for the September 11 attacks.
6. Why
did the first military action of the war on terrorism take place in
Afghanistan?
People and Their Environment
Chapter 7, Section 2
Terms to Know
clear
cutting
Taking out whole forests when harvesting timber (page 165)
acid rain Precipitation that
carries abnormally high amounts of acidic materials (page 166)
smog A visible haze caused by
the sun’s rays interacting with automobile exhaust and industrial pollution
(page 167)
groundwater Freshwater in the earth
that supplies wells and springs (page 167)
eutrophication The process by which a
body of water becomes rich in dissolved nutrients, leading to overgrowth of
small plants (page 168)
Introduction (page 165) Strip mining and other
resource-based industries can cause damage to the
environment. Today, these industries are working
to limit damage to the environment.
1. Which
industries can cause damage to the environment?
Human Impact (page 165) The United States and
Canada do not always wisely manage their natural resources. Clear-cutting,
or cutting down a whole forest for its timber, has destroyed many of
the region’s old-growth forests. This practice endangers wildlife and causes
erosion and flooding. Fishing has depleted many freshwater and ocean fisheries.
Natural resource management includes watching the impact of human activity on
the environment.
2. What
are two ways that human activity has damaged the environment of the region?
Pollution (page 166) Industrial development in
the United States and Canada has interfered with the natural environment to
cause pollution. Four types of human- made pollution are:
A. Acid
rain- is precipitation that carries unusually high amounts of toxic
chemicals. It forms when pollution from cars, power plants, factories, and oil
refineries reacts with water vapor in the air. Acid rain eats away at
buildings, damages plants, and pollutes water and soil. Plant life and fish
cannot survive in highly acidic waters.
Winds carry acid rain far from its source. Acid
rain from the coal- burning factories of the Midwest blows eastward to the
Adirondack Mountains. About 26 percent of the lakes in this region are acidic.
Acid rain from the United States has also polluted many provinces in Canada.
B. Smog
adds to air pollution. As the sun’s rays interact with automobile and
industrial exhaust, a visible haze known as smog appears. Smog damages or kills
plants and irritates people’s eyes, throats, and lungs. To prevent the effects
of smog, health officials measure the air quality of cities. If they find
dangerous levels of smog, they issue smog alerts urging people to stay indoors. Authorities also may restrict driving or
industrial activity. Cars are now being designed that use energy sources other
than fossil fuels. Lawmakers are working on laws that would reduce the amount
of emissions released into the air. People are being encouraged to use public
transportation.
C. Water
pollution in the region is caused by acid rain and by industrial and
agricultural wastes that are dumped into rivers and streams. Sometimes these
wastes find their way into the groundwater. This is the freshwater in
the earth that supplies wells and springs.
Water pollution kills marine life, birds and other animals that live in
wetlands. The pollution can harm the health of humans who use polluted water
supplies.
Water pollution increases the process known as eutrophication.
In this process a lake or other body of water becomes rich in dis- solved
nutrients, causing the overgrowth of algae.
The algae use up the oxygen in the water, leaving too little oxygen for
the fish to breath. Eutrophication can, over time, turn the lake into dry land. The United States and Canada signed the Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement to reduce water pollution. The United States has also passed the Clean
Water Act to restore the quality of the nation’s waterways.
D. Global warming is a worldwide environmental
concern whose causes are not completely understood. Effects of global warming
include the melting of polar ice caps, thinning of sea ice, and thawing of
permafrost. When polar ice melts, ocean
levels rise; this causes coastal and river flooding. Thinning sea ice causes animals to move
further north. Thawing permafrost
buckles the land and weakens the foundations of houses. Warmer, higher seas cause changes in climate
patterns, such as El Niño.
How has industrial development in the United
States and Canada caused pollution of the environment?
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